La differenza tra Must, Have to, Shall e May
In inglese esistono diversi modi per impartire regole e obblighi e, in quanto studente, può essere difficile capire quale sia la forma migliore da adottare in ogni situazione. Di seguito troverai la descrizione di tutti i verbi modali usati per esprimere obbligo, con un approfondimento su quando e come usarli.
Must
Must è il modo più semplice e diretto per esprimere un obbligo. Indica quindi un’azione che deve essere svolta obbligatoriamente. Si può usare must solo al presente per indicare un obbligo generale o costante, oppure un obbligo nel futuro prossimo. La struttura di must è semplice perché è la stessa per ogni soggetto:
SINGULAR
I must work
you must work
he/she it must work
PLURAL
we must work
you must work
they must work
Ecco alcuni esempi:
When you drive you must wear a seatbelt.
They must hand in their projects before the 8th June.
I must remember to send a birthday card to my Dad.
He must study harder if he wants to pass the exam.
We must get to the airport two hours before the flight.
Per formare frasi negative si aggiunge not, che solitamente viene utilizzato nella forma contratta n’t:
I mustn’t move
you mustn’t move
he/she/it mustn’t move
we mustn’t move
you mustn’t move
they mustn’t move
Usiamo mustn’t per esprimere un divieto o qualcosa di fortemente sconsigliato. Per esempio:
When the traffic lights are red you mustn’t go.
They mustn’t use their mobile phones during lessons.
We mustn’t stand up while the plane is taking off.
I mustn’t drink any more coffee, otherwise I won’t sleep tonight.
She mustn’t go outside without a jacket. It’s really cold.
Passengers must not lean on the doors.
È possibile porre domande con must anche se non è molto utilizzato nell’inglese moderno. Per formare frasi interrogative bisogna invertire il soggetto e must:
Must I go?
Must you go?
Must he/she/it go?
Must we go?
Must you go?
Must they go?
Ecco alcuni esempi:
Must I go to the party? I don’t really want to.
What time must we leave? Not later than 2pm.
Must he make so much noise? It’s really annoying.
Why must the children do so much homework?
What must you wear at work?
Who must we call for an appointment?
Have to
Nella forma affermativa, have to ha lo stesso significato di must ed è utilizzato per esprimere obblighi. Tuttavia, have to è molto più flessibile rispetto a must perché si può usare al passato, al presente e al futuro.
Per questo motivo è comunemente più utilizzato nell’inglese moderno. Per quanto riguarda la struttura, si comporta come un verbo normale:
+
I have to go
you have to go
he/she/it has to go
we have to go
you have to go
they have to go
–
I don’t have to go
you don’t have to go
he/she/it doesn’t have to go
we don’t have to go
you don’t have to go
they don’t have to go
?
Do I have to go?
Do you have to go?
Does he/she/it have to go?
Do we have to go?
Do you have to go?
Do they have to go?
Ecco alcuni esempi di frasi affermative:
I have to email the supplier before he sends the goods.
We have to do the shopping because the cupboards are empty.
She has to take two trains and a bus to get to work every day.
You have to practice if you want to be fluent.
Motorcyclists have to wear a helmet.
If you’re a foreigner you have to fill in a landing card.
Si possono porre domande con have to per chiedere se qualcosa è obbligatorio, nell’inglese moderno questa forma è più comune rispetto all’interrogativa con must. Di seguito alcuni esempi:
What time do you have to start work?
Do we have to take anything with us to the course?
Why do they have to do overtime? – Because their deadline is tomorrow.
Does he have to wear a suit to work?
Do I have to bring some form of ID?
What do we have to do now?
La forma negativa di have to ha un significato molto diverso da mustn’t. Si usa don’t have to per qualcosa che non è necessario e per sottolineare che non vi è alcun obbligo. Ad esempio:
When you ride a bicycle you don’t have to wear a helmet, but it’s a good idea.
She doesn’t have to come to the meeting if she doesn’t want to.
We don’t have to wear uniforms to school in Italy.
I don’t have to work on Saturdays so I can do what I want.
They don’t have to read all the books the teacher recommended, just one of them.
You don’t have to pay to use the motorways in England. They are free.
Obblighi nel passato e nel futuro
Per descrivere un obbligo nel passato, l’unica forma possibile è il passato di have to, ovvero had to. Quindi, il simple past di must è had to. La struttura rimane la stessa per tutti i soggetti:
+
I had to wait
you had to wait
he/she/it had to wait
we had to wait
you had to wait
they had to wait
–
I didn’t have to wait
you didn’t have to wait
he/she/it didn’t have to wait
we didn’t have to wait
you didn’t have to wait
they didn’t have to wait
?
Did I have to wait?
Did you have to wait?
Did he/she/it have to wait?
Did we have to wait?
Did you have to wait?
Did they have to wait?
Per esempio:
I had to wait a long time for my bus.
We didn’t have to use our passports. They accepted our ID cards.
Did you have to pay a fine when the police stopped you?
The doctor told her she had to lose weight.
They had to queue up for two hours to get through security. They almost missed their flight.
You had to do a lot of conference calls in your last job, didn’t you?
Si può utilizzare have to anche in altri tempi, come il presente e il present perfect quando vogliamo indicare obblighi recenti o inseriti in un periodo di tempo non ancora terminato. Per esempio:
I’ve had to work a lot this week.
She’s had to leave early because her daughter is sick.
They haven’t had to go to the doctor for years. They’ve very healthy kids.
Per indicare un obbligo, o mancanza di obbligo, nel futuro, si può usare have to con will. Per esempio:
You’ll have to work hard if you want to get a promotion.
We’ll have to hurry up. The film starts in ten minutes.
She won’t have to start her job until next month, so she’s going on holiday.
Will they have to sign a register during lessons?
I’ll have to train hard for the marathon. I’m not fit enough yet.
You’ll have to tell Marie the truth, otherwise you’ll get into trouble.
Must o Have to?
Quindi, quando bisogna usare must e quando have to? In generale, nelle frasi affermative al presente si possono usare entrambi. Tuttavia, c’è una sottile differenza quando parliamo in prima persona. Se vuoi descrivere un obbligo personale (che dai a te stesso), è meglio utilizzare must. Per esempio:
These pants don’t fit me anymore. I must lose weight.
Al contrario, se devi descrivere un obbligo proveniente dall’esterno (un ordine che ti viene impartito da qualcuno) è preferibile usare have to. Ad esempio:
My doctor told me I’m overweight and I have to go on a diet.
Quando invece gli ordini sono generici e ufficiali, come negli avvisi e nei documenti, solitamente si usa must. Per esempio:
Passengers must keep their bags with them at all times.
Nelle frasi negative è importante ricordare che se vuoi descrivere il divieto di fare qualcosa, è necessario utilizzare mustn’t. Mentre invece se vuoi dire che non vi è alcun obbligo, è meglio utilizzare don’t have to. Ad esempio:
You mustn’t do that! (Don’t do it because it is not permitted.)
You don’t have to do that. (You have no obligation to do it but you can if you want to.)
Shall
In alcuni documenti e situazioni ufficiali è possibile trovare shall, utilizzato soprattutto per gli obblighi formali. Per esempio:
Employees shall provide a medical certificate for sick leave.
Both parties shall give reasonable notice if they cannot attend the hearing.
Hotel guests shall pay for any damage to the rooms.
Members shall not use the gym equipment without a demonstration from the staff.
You shall wear your ID badge at all times.
Applicants shall come to interviews with their CV and copies of their qualifications.
Need
Usiamo need per descrivere qualcosa che è necessario fare o non fare. Il significato è simile a un obbligo e può quindi essere considerata una versione più educata e cortese per dire must o have to. Need ha una caratteristica insolita: è sia un verbo regolare che un verbo modale. Nella maggior parte dei casi si può usare la struttura del verbo regolare:
+
I need to stop
you need to stop
he/she/it needs to stop
we need to stop
you need to stop
they need to stop
–
I don’t need to stop
you don’t need to stop
he/she/it doesn’t need to stop
we don’t need to stop
you don’t need to stop
they don’t need to stop
?
Do I need to stop?
Do you need to stop?
Does he/she/it need to stop?
Do we need to stop?
Do you need to stop?
Do they need to stop?
Ecco alcuni esempi:
We need to fill up with petrol. The tank is almost empty.
Do you need anything from the shops?
They don’t need to come early. They can come whenever they’re ready.
Nell’inglese moderno, need come verbo modale è usato solamente alla forma negativa e senza il to:
You needn’t do the washing up. I’ll do it later.
They needn’t complete the work right away. There’s plenty of time.
She needn’t worry about going to the dentist’s. He’s very kind.
N.B. You ‘don’t need to e you needn’t hanno un significato molto simile a you don’t have to.
May
Si usa may per chiedere o dare permessi in maniera formale. La struttura di may è uguale a quella degli altri verbi modali:
+
I may leave
you may leave
he/she/it may leave
we may leave
you may leave
they may leave
–
I may not leave
you may not leave
he/she/it may not leave
we may not leave
you may not leave
they may not leave
?
May I leave?
May you leave?
May he/she/it leave?
May we leave?
May you leave?
May they leave?
Ecco alcuni esempi:
May I come in?
You may have a seat here. The officer will come in a few minutes.
They may use the equipment as long as they use if carefully.
May we have some water?
He may take the exam again.
You may not use your phone while driving.
Ora che hai visto le differenze tra i diversi modi di esprimere obblighi e divieti sei pronto per esercitarti! Continua a fare pratica creando i tuoi esempi personali con i verbi modali imparati.